YawgLaus
2010-07-27 17:13:42 UTC
Hmong Refugees Live in Fear in Laos and Thailand
By William Lloyd George / Chiang Mai Saturday, Jul. 24, 2010
Ethnic Hmong refugees stand inside a truck in Phetchabun province,
Thailand, during an operation to deport thousands of asylum seekers to
Laos, on Dec. 28, 2009
Recently, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Laos Foreign
Minister Thongloun Sisoulith met in Washington for the highest-level
talks between the two countries since the end of the Vietnam War. For
the U.S., the meeting was part of a strategy to re-engage with Asia,
while Laos hoped the D.C. visit would boost trade. After years of
frosty relations following America's carpet bombing of Laos in the
1960s and '70s, the meeting was overall a symbolic break with the
past.
Improved relations with the U.S. would surely benefit most citizens of
Laos — though not everyone is so upbeat about the possibility. Meeting
TIME at a secret location in Thailand, a Laotian Hmong refugee who
recently escaped a repatriation camp in Laos says the Washington
exchange will do nothing to help thousands of Hmong still being
persecuted in Laos. "They are only talking about imports and exports,
not how to help Hmong people who once supported America," says Pao
Chang (an alias used for security).
During the Vietnam War, the CIA enlisted more than 60,000 Hmong from
the Royal Lao Army to form a secret army to disrupt Communist supply
lines and rescue American pilots. Fierce mercenaries, the Hmong acted
as an effective counter to North Vietnam's growing support base in
Laos. When the Communists won and the CIA left, a handful of senior
Hmong were flown out, but the majority remaining faced Communist
retribution for siding with America. The Pathet Lao publicly announced
they would wipe out the Hmong, and attacks intensified. Some Hmong
groups fled deep into the jungle — where more than 3,000 continue to
live to this day — while the rest sought asylum in Thailand, where
they remained until recently.
(See a brief history of the Hmong and the CIA.)
On Dec. 28, 2009, Pao Chang and more than 4,000 other Hmong asylum
seekers in Thailand were rounded up by local Thai authorities and
forcibly sent back to Laos. "We based these actions on our immigration
law, which considers them to be illegal migrants, so they were dealt
with accordingly," Panitan Wattanayagorn, spokesman for the Thai Prime
Minister, told TIME. Only six years earlier, Thai authorities had
helped resettle 14,000 Hmong refugees in the U.S. The Thai about-face
on its Hmong population sparked an international furor, with countries
including the U.S. and Australia condemning Thailand for refusing to
protect the minority group. Although Thailand never signed the United
Nations Convention on Refugees, the U.N. was outraged that the
government had sent back unwilling refugees. "To proceed would not
only endanger the protection of the refugees but set a very grave
international example," said the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees (UNHCR), António Guterres, at the time.
Even more troubling for the United Nations were the 158 Hmong refugees
being held in the Nong Kai immigration detention center, who had been
granted refugee status and invited to resettle by the U.S., the
Netherlands, Australia and Canada. "We were ready to leave," says Pao
Chang, showing his family's acceptance letter from a third country
along with tickets for a flight out. "Then Thai authorities came to us
on the day and just said, 'No, you can't go. We have an agreement with
Laos that no Hmong are to leave Thailand.' " Asked for comment,
Wattanayagorn said the move came only after "Laos had assured Thailand
the returning Hmong would not face persecution."
Thailand's involvement in the U.S.'s "secret war" in Cambodia and Laos
is often overlooked. Allied with the U.S. against the Communists in
Laos and Vietnam, the Thai military trained many of the senior Hmong
leaders. Times have clearly changed. Thailand is now Laos's No. 1
foreign investor, and according to Joe Davy, a Hmong advocate,
deporting the Hmong is just another example of political fence mending
following years of border conflict. "The main reason Thailand sent
them back was pressure from Laos, which has always accused Thailand of
harboring elements of the Hmong resistance," Davy says.
After a series of multilateral meetings in December 2009, the Laotian
government agreed that the 158 registered refugees could resettle
elsewhere on the condition that they spend 30 days in Laos. "They told
us if we were still not happy in Laos, we could leave, but it was just
a trick," says Pao Chang. A few days later, says Pao Chang, Thai
soldiers forced him onto a bus and took him to Laos, where authorities
ordered him not to tell foreigners he wanted to leave. He says he was
then sent to a repatriation camp, where armed guards — many of whom
had fought against the ragtag groups of Hmong fighters who remain in
the jungle — kept his family under 24-hour surveillance. Pao Chang
says he was given a "flimsy house and a tiny plot of bad farmland."
Says Pao Chang with tears in his eyes: "The conditions were
unbearable. There were no schools and only two nurses for thousands of
people."
To ease the international community's concerns, Laotian authorities
organized two official visits for foreign diplomats. During one visit,
Pao Chang says, a senior commander gave him a script ordering him to
tell diplomats he was being looked after and had no desire to move.
Those who refused to abide by the script were denied day passes to
leave the camps. After unknown assailants burned down camp farmland,
Pao Chang decided he had to escape. "If I stayed, they eventually
would have found a way to kill me," he says.
Pao Chang escaped the camp, traveling through Laos at night without
identification, and illegally crossed the Mekong River. Chang says,
"If the authorities would have caught me, I would have been executed."
The future of Pao Chang and other families in Thailand who have
followed remains unclear. He has papers from the UNHCR certifying his
refugee status, but he has little faith he will be protected. "Last
time I showed this paper to Thailand, they hit me on the head," Pao
Chang says.
Wattanayagorn says that if caught, returning Hmong asylum seekers
would be treated as illegal immigrants and sent back to Laos
regardless of U.N. documents. According to Kraisak Choonhavan, MP of
the Democrat Party, Thailand has never signed an international refugee
treaty, so it is not bound by UNHCR rules. But even Choonhavan didn't
know why Thailand wasn't letting the Hmong families invited by third
countries leave. "There is something strange going on here," he says
By William Lloyd George / Chiang Mai Saturday, Jul. 24, 2010
Ethnic Hmong refugees stand inside a truck in Phetchabun province,
Thailand, during an operation to deport thousands of asylum seekers to
Laos, on Dec. 28, 2009
Recently, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Laos Foreign
Minister Thongloun Sisoulith met in Washington for the highest-level
talks between the two countries since the end of the Vietnam War. For
the U.S., the meeting was part of a strategy to re-engage with Asia,
while Laos hoped the D.C. visit would boost trade. After years of
frosty relations following America's carpet bombing of Laos in the
1960s and '70s, the meeting was overall a symbolic break with the
past.
Improved relations with the U.S. would surely benefit most citizens of
Laos — though not everyone is so upbeat about the possibility. Meeting
TIME at a secret location in Thailand, a Laotian Hmong refugee who
recently escaped a repatriation camp in Laos says the Washington
exchange will do nothing to help thousands of Hmong still being
persecuted in Laos. "They are only talking about imports and exports,
not how to help Hmong people who once supported America," says Pao
Chang (an alias used for security).
During the Vietnam War, the CIA enlisted more than 60,000 Hmong from
the Royal Lao Army to form a secret army to disrupt Communist supply
lines and rescue American pilots. Fierce mercenaries, the Hmong acted
as an effective counter to North Vietnam's growing support base in
Laos. When the Communists won and the CIA left, a handful of senior
Hmong were flown out, but the majority remaining faced Communist
retribution for siding with America. The Pathet Lao publicly announced
they would wipe out the Hmong, and attacks intensified. Some Hmong
groups fled deep into the jungle — where more than 3,000 continue to
live to this day — while the rest sought asylum in Thailand, where
they remained until recently.
(See a brief history of the Hmong and the CIA.)
On Dec. 28, 2009, Pao Chang and more than 4,000 other Hmong asylum
seekers in Thailand were rounded up by local Thai authorities and
forcibly sent back to Laos. "We based these actions on our immigration
law, which considers them to be illegal migrants, so they were dealt
with accordingly," Panitan Wattanayagorn, spokesman for the Thai Prime
Minister, told TIME. Only six years earlier, Thai authorities had
helped resettle 14,000 Hmong refugees in the U.S. The Thai about-face
on its Hmong population sparked an international furor, with countries
including the U.S. and Australia condemning Thailand for refusing to
protect the minority group. Although Thailand never signed the United
Nations Convention on Refugees, the U.N. was outraged that the
government had sent back unwilling refugees. "To proceed would not
only endanger the protection of the refugees but set a very grave
international example," said the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees (UNHCR), António Guterres, at the time.
Even more troubling for the United Nations were the 158 Hmong refugees
being held in the Nong Kai immigration detention center, who had been
granted refugee status and invited to resettle by the U.S., the
Netherlands, Australia and Canada. "We were ready to leave," says Pao
Chang, showing his family's acceptance letter from a third country
along with tickets for a flight out. "Then Thai authorities came to us
on the day and just said, 'No, you can't go. We have an agreement with
Laos that no Hmong are to leave Thailand.' " Asked for comment,
Wattanayagorn said the move came only after "Laos had assured Thailand
the returning Hmong would not face persecution."
Thailand's involvement in the U.S.'s "secret war" in Cambodia and Laos
is often overlooked. Allied with the U.S. against the Communists in
Laos and Vietnam, the Thai military trained many of the senior Hmong
leaders. Times have clearly changed. Thailand is now Laos's No. 1
foreign investor, and according to Joe Davy, a Hmong advocate,
deporting the Hmong is just another example of political fence mending
following years of border conflict. "The main reason Thailand sent
them back was pressure from Laos, which has always accused Thailand of
harboring elements of the Hmong resistance," Davy says.
After a series of multilateral meetings in December 2009, the Laotian
government agreed that the 158 registered refugees could resettle
elsewhere on the condition that they spend 30 days in Laos. "They told
us if we were still not happy in Laos, we could leave, but it was just
a trick," says Pao Chang. A few days later, says Pao Chang, Thai
soldiers forced him onto a bus and took him to Laos, where authorities
ordered him not to tell foreigners he wanted to leave. He says he was
then sent to a repatriation camp, where armed guards — many of whom
had fought against the ragtag groups of Hmong fighters who remain in
the jungle — kept his family under 24-hour surveillance. Pao Chang
says he was given a "flimsy house and a tiny plot of bad farmland."
Says Pao Chang with tears in his eyes: "The conditions were
unbearable. There were no schools and only two nurses for thousands of
people."
To ease the international community's concerns, Laotian authorities
organized two official visits for foreign diplomats. During one visit,
Pao Chang says, a senior commander gave him a script ordering him to
tell diplomats he was being looked after and had no desire to move.
Those who refused to abide by the script were denied day passes to
leave the camps. After unknown assailants burned down camp farmland,
Pao Chang decided he had to escape. "If I stayed, they eventually
would have found a way to kill me," he says.
Pao Chang escaped the camp, traveling through Laos at night without
identification, and illegally crossed the Mekong River. Chang says,
"If the authorities would have caught me, I would have been executed."
The future of Pao Chang and other families in Thailand who have
followed remains unclear. He has papers from the UNHCR certifying his
refugee status, but he has little faith he will be protected. "Last
time I showed this paper to Thailand, they hit me on the head," Pao
Chang says.
Wattanayagorn says that if caught, returning Hmong asylum seekers
would be treated as illegal immigrants and sent back to Laos
regardless of U.N. documents. According to Kraisak Choonhavan, MP of
the Democrat Party, Thailand has never signed an international refugee
treaty, so it is not bound by UNHCR rules. But even Choonhavan didn't
know why Thailand wasn't letting the Hmong families invited by third
countries leave. "There is something strange going on here," he says